Falsafay ka Irteqa - Evolution of Philosophy (Dr. Israr Ahmad)

The period from 1200 BCE to 600 CE witnessed the birth of all major philosophical schools of thought. Figures like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle emerged during this time. Around the same period, significant religious and ethical thinkers like Zoroaster, the Vedic Rishis, and Confucius also appeared, indicating a maturation of human thought. The advent of Islam in the 7th century CE, with the revelation of the Quran to Prophet Muhammad, marked a new phase. The Quran provided complete guidance, allowing humanity to independently seek truth using reason and intellect, guided by the principles of Quran and Sunnah, and to engage in independent reasoning (ijtihad). This represents a shift from guided instruction to self-directed exploration, signifying a fully developed human consciousness.

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